2. VISUAL COMMAND MODE

In addition to the keys listed here, your keyboard's "arrow" keys will be interpreted as the appropriate cursor movement commands. The same goes for (PgUp) and (PgDn), if your keyboard has them. The (Insert) key will toggle between insert mode and replace mode. There is a colon mode command (":map", to be described later) which will allow you to define other keys, such as function keys.

A tip: visual command mode looks a lot like text input mode. If you forget which mode you're in, just hit the (Esc) key. If Elvis beeps, then you're in visual command mode. If Elvis does not beep, then you were in input mode, but by hitting (Esc) you will have switched to visual command mode. So, one way or another, after (Esc) Elvis will be ready for a command.

2.1 Notation

count

Many commands may be preceded by a count. This is a sequence of digits representing a decimal number. For most commands that use a count, the command is repeated count times, but a few commands use the count value for some completely different purpose. The count is always optional, and usually defaults to 1.

key

Some commands require two keystrokes. The first key always determines which command is to be executed. The second key is used as a parameter to the command.

mv

Some commands (! < > = c d y g= g~ gu gU) operate on text between the cursor and some other position. Usually, the other position is specified by typing a movement command after the operator command, but there are other options. See the section on operators for more information. These commands can also be used with text objects.

inp

Many commands allow the user to interactively enter text. See the discussion of "input mode" in the following chapter.

2.1.1 Text objects

Each type of text object has a two-character name. The first character is 'a' for the whole object including surrounding text, or 'i' for just the "inner" part of the object without any surrounding text. The second character describes how the object's endpoints are to be found.

.----------.-----------------------------------------------------.
| 2nd char | Extent of the text object                           |
|----------|-----------------------------------------------------|
|  w       | word or punctuation string, like b e w commands     |
|  W       | whitespace-delimited word, like B E W commands      |
|  s       | sentence, like ( ) commands                         |
|  p       | paragraph, like { } commands                        |
|  S       | section, like [[ ]] commands                        |
|  { [ ( < | block delimited by the previous {[(< and its match  |
|  } ] ) > | block delimited by the following }])> and its match |
|  %       | block delimited by any of {[( and its match         |
|  b       | block delimited by parentheses, like a( or i(       |
|  B       | block delimited by braces, like a{ or i{            |
|  L       | group of lines with same or greater indentation     |
|  l       | individual lines (i.e. fields delimited by newlines)|
|  x       | XML/SGML <tag>...</tag> pair, case sensitive        |
|  X       | HTML <tag>...</tag> pair, case insensitive          |
|  t       | field, delimited by tabs                            |
|  other   | field, delimited at both ends by the character or \n|
^----------^-----------------------------------------------------^

The use of uppercase S for sections, % for any brace-delimited block, L for an indentation-delimited block, l for lines, x and X for tag pairs, t for tab fields, and other punctuation for field delimiters are all extensions beyond vim's text objects.

For block text objects, the 'a' version includes the delimiting characters, while the 'i' version excludes them. The "aL" object includes surrounding blank lines, while "iL" excludes those lines plus the leading whitespace of the first line the trailing newline of the last line. For XML objects, the 'a' version includes the tags and the 'i' version excludes them. For field text objects, the 'a' version includes the trailing delimiter but not the leading one, while the 'i' version omits both delimiters and any leading whitespace. For the other text objects, the 'a' version includes trailing whitespace (or leading whitespace if there is no trailing whitespace), and the 'i' version is just the object itself without the surrounding whitespace.

Text objects accept counts. For blocks and XML tag pairs, the count is the number of levels of nested brackets/tag pairs to skip. For fields, the count is the number of delimiters to skip in both directions, so a count of n selects 2n-1 objects centered around the cursor. For other text objects, the count is the number of consecutive objects to use, starting with the current one. For example, "3daw" deletes three words, while "3dab" moves outward three levels of parentheses and then deletes that single large block. "3dal" deletes five lines centered around the cursor.

The matchchar option can accept object names in addition to character pairs. For example, if you ":set matchchar=(){}[]ax" then the % command will bounce between the endpoints of an XML tag pair. If you also set the showmatch option, then when you type the ">" of the closing tag, Elvis will highlight the entire opening tag.

Also, the hllayers and hlobject options can be used together to highlight objects around the cursor. For example, ":set hllayers=1 hlobject=al" will cause the current line to be highlighted.

2.2 Visual Commands, Grouped by Function

2.2.1 Edit commands

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|       P      | Paste text before the cursor                         |
|       p      | Paste text after the cursor                          |
| count J      | Join lines, to form one big line                     |
| count gJ     | Join lines without adding whitespace                 |
| count X      | Delete the character(s) to the left of the cursor    |
| count x      | Delete the character that the cursor's on            |
| count ~      | Switch a character between uppercase & lowercase     |
| count r key  | Replace "count" chars by a given character           |
|       R inp  | Overtype                                             |
| count a inp  | Insert text after the cursor                         |
| count A inp  | Append at end of the line                            |
| count i inp  | Insert text at the cursor                            |
| count I inp  | Insert at the front of the line (after indents)      |
| count gI inp | Input at start of line (before indents)              |
| count o inp  | Open a new line below the current line               |
| count O inp  | Open up a new line above the current line            |
| count .      | Repeat the previous "edit" command                   |
| count u      | Undo the previous edit command                       |
| count ^R     | Redo commands which were undone by the u command     |
|       U      | Undo all recent changes to the current line          |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

P
p

The P and p commands paste text from a cut buffer. The difference between them is that p pastes after the cursor, and P pastes before it. See the section on cut buffers for more information.

count J
count gJ

The J and gJ commands join the current line with the following line. If you supply a count argument, then they will join that many lines together, starting at the current line. The difference between these commands is that J will add whitespace between the lines, while gJ will not. These commands resemble the :join command without and with a "!" suffix, respectively.

count X
count x

The X and x commands delete characters. The difference between them is that x deletes the character at the cursor, and X deletes the character before the cursor. If you supply a count, then it will delete that many characters. The deleted characters are copied into a cut buffer. The X and x commands never delete newline characters.

count ~

The ~ command changes uppercase letters to lowercase, or vice versa, and moves the cursor forward. Non-letters are unaffected, but the cursor will still be moved forward.

count r key

The r command replaces a single character in the edit buffer with a single character read from the keyboard. If you supply a count, then it will replace that many characters in the edit buffer with multiple copies of a single character from the keyboard.

R inp

The R command switches the window to "replace mode" which is a variation of input mode.

count a inp

The a command switches to input mode with the cursor starting immediately after its previous position. If a count is supplied, then after you manually insert the first copy of the new text, Elvis will automatically insert count-1 additional copies.

count A inp

The A command switches to input mode with the cursor starting at the end of the current line. If a count is supplied, then after you manually insert the first copy of the new text, Elvis will automatically insert count-1 additional copies.

count i inp

The i command switches to input mode with the cursor starting at its current position. If a count is supplied, then after you manually insert the first copy of the new text, Elvis will automatically insert count-1 additional copies.

count I inp

The I command switches to input mode with the cursor starting at the beginning of the current line. If a count is supplied, then after you manually insert the first copy of the new text, Elvis will automatically insert count-1 additional copies.

count gI inp

The gI command resembles the I command, except that gI always inserts at the start of the line, before any indentation, while I inserts after indentation.

count o inp

The o command switches to input mode. A new, blank line is created after the current line, and the cursor starts at the beginning of that new line. If a count is supplied, then after you manually insert the first copy of the new text, Elvis will automatically insert count-1 additional copies.

count O inp

The O command switches to input mode. A new, blank line is created before the current line, and the cursor starts at the beginning of that new line. If a count is supplied, then after you manually insert the first copy of the new text, Elvis will automatically insert count-1 additional copies.

count .

The . command repeats the previous command which changed text. If a count is supplied, it overrides count of the original command.

count u

The u command undoes the previous edit command. If a count is supplied, then it will undo that many changes, within the limit defined by the undolevels option.

count ^R

The ^R command redoes commands which were undone by the u command. Essentially it undoes the "undo".

U

The U command undoes all changes which were made to the current line since the cursor was moved onto it.

2.2.2 Edit commands which are operators

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|    < mv      | Shift text left                                      |
|    > mv      | Shift text right                                     |
|    ! mv text | Run selected lines thru an external filter program   |
|    = mv      | Reformat                                             |
|    c mv inp  | Change text                                          |
|    d mv      | Delete text                                          |
|    y mv      | Yank text (copy it into a cut buffer)                |
|    g= key mv | Convert text to an equal number of key characters    |
|    gU mv     | Convert text to uppercase                            |
|    gu mv     | Convert text to lowercase                            |
|    g~ mv     | Toggle text between uppercase & lowercase            |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

• Follow the command keystroke with a movement command. For example, dw deletes a single word. d3w and 3dw both delete three words.
• Type the command keystroke twice. This causes whole lines to be acted upon. For example, >> indents the current line. 3>> indents the current line and the following two lines.
• Follow the command keystroke with a text object name. The command will affect the entire object, even if the cursor isn't located at either endpoint. For example, dap deletes a whole paragraph.
• Move the cursor to one end of the text, type v, V, or ^V to start marking, move the cursor to the other end, and then type the desired operator command key.

The "g" operators (g=, gU, gu, and g~) are only available if Elvis has been compiled with FEATURE_G enabled. In arithmetic expressions you can use the feature("g") function to test for this.

< mv
> mv

These commands adjust the indentation of lines. The < command reduces indentation by shiftwidth columns, and the > command increases indentation by the same amount. The type of whitespace used for the new indentation is determined by the autotab option. The doubled-up << and >> commands reduce or increase the indentation for the current line, respectively.

! mv text

This command prompts you to enter a shell command line at the bottom of the window. When you've entered the command line, that command is executed and the selected text is piped through it. The resulting text replaces the original selected text. For example, 10!!sort will send 10 lines through the sort program.

= mv

When applied to lines, this command resembles the ! command, except that instead of prompting for a command line, the = command will always execute the program specified via the equalprg option. If you expect to be running the same filter program over and over again, then = is more convenient.

When applied to characters selected via the v command, the = command uses Elvis' built-in calculator to evaluate the characters, and then replaces the original text with the result of that evaluation. For example, if you move the cursor to the start of a parenthesized arithmetic expression and hit v%= then the expression will be simplified.

c mv inp

This command puts you in input mode so you can replace the selected text with new, manually-entered text. The doubled-up cc command changes the current line.

d mv
y mv

These commands copy the selected text into a cut buffer. The d command then deletes the text from the edit buffer, but y leaves the original text intact. The doubled-up dd and yy commands delete or yank the current line, respectively.

g= key mv

The g= operator replaces every character (except newlines) with the key character.

gU mv
gu mv
g~ mv

These commands convert text between uppercase and lowercase. The gU operator converts lowercase to uppercase, while gu does the reverse. The g~ toggles each letter between uppercase and lowercase.

The difference between g~ and ~ is that g~ is an operator, while ~ simply changes the characters immediately without waiting for a motion or text object.

2.2.3 Edit commands which are shortcuts for operators

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|       C inp  | Change text from the cursor to the end of the line   |
|       D      | Delete text from the cursor to the end of the line   |
| count S inp  | Change lines, like "count" cc                        |
| count s inp  | Replace characters, like "count" cl                  |
| count Y      | Yank text line(s) (copy them into a cut buffer)      |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

C inp
D
count S inp
count s int
count Y

All of these commands are shortcuts for particular operator/movement command combinations. C is short for c$, D is short for d$, uppercase S is short for cc, lowercase s is short for cl, and Y is short for yy.

2.2.4 Movement commands which move by a line or column

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|       0      | If not part of count, move to 1st char of this line  |
|       ^      | Move to the front of the current line (after indent) |
|       $      | Move to the rear of the current line                 |
| count |      | Move to column "count" (defaulting to column 1)      |
| count ^X     | Move to column "count" (defaulting to the right edge)|
| count ^M     | Move to the front of the next line                   |
| count +      | Move to the front of the next line                   |
| count -      | Move to the front of the preceding line              |
| count G      | Move to line #"count" (default is the bottom line)   |
| count h      | Move left                                            |
| count ^H     | Move left                                            |
| count l      | Move right                                           |
| count Space  | Move right                                           |
| count j      | Move down                                            |
| count ^J     | Move down                                            |
| count ^N     | Move down                                            |
| count k      | Move up                                              |
| count ^P     | Move up                                              |
| count _      | Move to the current line                             |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

0

The 0 command moves the cursor to the first character in the current line.

^

The ^ command moves the cursor to the first non-whitespace character in the current line. If the current line doesn't contain any non-whitespace characters, then the cursor is moved to the end of the line.

$

The $ command moves the cursor to the last character in the line.

count |
count ^X

These commands move the cursor to a given column. The leftmost column is designated "column 1." If the cursor can't be moved to the exact column number requested (e.g., because the line isn't that long, or the requested column falls in the middle of a tab character), then Elvis will move the cursor as close as possible. If no count is given, then the | command moves the cursor to column 1 and the ^X move the cursor to the rightmost visible column (taking side scrolling into account).

count ^M
count +

The ^M and + commands move the cursor down count lines (or 1 line if no count is given), and then to the first non-whitespace character in that destination line. It is equivalent to a j command followed by a ^ command.

count -

The - command moves the cursor up count lines (or 1 line if no count is given), and then to the first non-whitespace character in that destination line. It is equivalent to a k command followed by a ^ command.

count G

The G command moves the cursor directly to the start of a given line, or to the last line if no count is given.

For the purposes of this command, the "line number" of the cursor position is defined to be one plus the number of newline characters which precede it in the buffer. This definition is used regardless of what display mode you happen to be using. The number and ruler options use the same definition.

count h
count ^H

The h and ^H commands move the cursor count characters to the left, or 1 character leftward if no count is given. They won't move the cursor past the beginning of the line.

count l
count Space

The h and Space commands move the cursor count characters to the right, or 1 character rightward if no count is given. They won't move the cursor past the end of the line.

count j
count ^J
count ^N

These commands all move the cursor down count lines (or 1 line if no count is given), without changing the column of the cursor if possible.

count k
count ^P

These commands all move the cursor up count lines (or 1 line if no count is given), without changing the column of the cursor if possible.

count _

The _ command moves the cursor down count-1 lines. This command is used internally to implement the double-operators; for example, << is interpreted as <_. By itself the _ command is pretty useless.

2.2.5 Movement commands which are window-relative

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| count H      | Move to home row (the line at the top of the screen) |
|       M      | Move to middle row                                   |
| count L      | Move to last row (i.e., line at bottom of window)    |
|       g$     | Move to end of current row                           |
|       g0     | Move to start of current row, before indent          |
|       g^     | Move to start of current row, after indent           |
| count gh     | Move left, skipping invisible characters             |
| count gj     | Move down 1 row (useful when lines wrap)             |
| count gk     | Move up 1 row (useful when lines wrap)               |
| count gl     | Move right, skipping invisible characters            |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

count H

The H command moves the cursor to the front of the first line that is currently visible in the window. If a count is given, then it will move down count-1 lines from the top of the window.

M

The M command moves the cursor to the front of the line in the middle of the window.

count L

The L command moves the cursor to the front of the line line that is currently visible in the window. If a count is given, then it will move up count-1 lines from the bottom of the window.

g0
g^
g$
count gj
count gk

These resemble the 0, ^, $, j, and k commands, except that these versions are sensitive to line wrapping or sideways scrolling. For example, with the wrap option turned off, g0 moves the cursor to the left edge of the screen even if the screen has scrolled sideways to display a long line. With wrap turned on, if the cursor is on a long line which wraps onto multiple rows of the display, g0 will move the cursor to the start of the current row, even if that row isn't the line's first row.

count gh
count gl

These resemble the h and l commands, except that these versions are smart enough to skip over hidden characters. This is useful if you're moving through text in the html, man, or tex display modes.

2.2.6 Movement commands which search for strings

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|       / text | Search forward for a given regular expression        |
|       ? text | Search backward for a given regular expression       |
|       ^A     | Search for next occurrence of word at cursor         |
|       gD     | Go to global definition of word at cursor            |
|       gd     | Go to local definition of word at cursor             |
|       n      | Repeat the previous search                           |
|       N      | Repeat previous search, but in the opposite direction|
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

/ text
? text

These commands prompt you to enter a regular expression at the bottom of the window. When you have entered it, Elvis will search forward (for /) or backward (for ?) for text which matches the regular expression. Normally the cursor is positioned at the start of the matching text. If you want to include a / or ? character in the regular expression, you must precede it with a backslash; otherwise it will be interpreted as a closing delimiter.

When entering the regular expression, you can append a closing delimiter (/ or ?, as appropriate) followed by a line delta (+ or - followed by a line number) to move the cursor to the start of a line after or before the matching text. This also has the side-effect of making the search be line-oriented instead of character oriented; this affects the behavior of operators. Line deltas don't work when the incsearch option is set.

You can also append the following single-letter flags after the closing delimiter:

	.------.-------------------------------------.
	| FLAG | MEANING                             |
	|------|-------------------------------------|
	|  v   | :set autoselect                     |
	|  n   | :set noautoselect                   |
	|  c   | :set noignorecase                   |
	|  i   | :set ignorecase nosmartcase         |
	|  s   | :set ignorecase smartcase           |
	|  w   | match whole words only (add \< \>)  |
	|  x   | match whole lines only (add ^ $)    |
	^------^-------------------------------------^

^A

This command searches forward for the next instance of the word under the cursor. It is a shortcut for the /\<\@\> Enter command.

gD
gd

These commands search for the first appearance of the word that the cursor's on. gD starts searching from the top of the file, and is intended to be used for finding the definition of global symbols. gd starts searching from the top of the current function (as found via the [[ command), and is intended to be used for finding the definition of local symbols.

n
N

These commands repeat the previous search command, which can be any of the commands described above. The n command repeats it in the same direction as the original search, and N repeats it in the opposite direction.

2.2.7 Movement commands which search for characters

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| count %      | Move to matching (){}[] or to a given % of file      |
| count F key  | Move leftward to a given character                   |
| count f key  | Move rightward to a given character                  |
| count T key  | Move leftward *almost* to a given character          |
| count t key  | Move rightward *almost* to a given character         |
| count ,      | Repeat the previous [fFtT] but in the other direction|
| count ;      | Repeat the previous [fFtT] cmd                       |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

count %

This command actually performs one of two totally separate movements, depending on whether a count was supplied. With no count, if the cursor is on a parenthesis character from the matchchar list, then it moves the cursor to the opposite parenthesis. If the cursor isn't on a parenthesis to begin with, then Elvis will scan forward on the current line until it finds one, and then move to its opposite. It can also show matching preprocessor directives, if the window is in the syntax display mode for a language which has a preprocessor.

However, if a count is supplied, then it is used as a percentage from 1 to 100, and the cursor is moved to that percentage of the way into the buffer. For example, typing 50% will move the cursor to the middle of the buffer.

count F key
count f key

These commands search for the character key in the current line, starting from the cursor position. For example, fk searches forward for the next "k". F4 searches backward for the previous "4". If the end of line is reached without finding the character, then the command fails.

count T key
count t key

These commands move almost, but not quite, to the next instance of key. The t and T commands stop one character short of where f and F would stop, respectively.

count ,
count ;

The ; command repeats the previous f, F, t, or T command. You don't need to type a key because Elvis automatically uses whatever key you looked for last time. The , command also repeats the previous f, F, t, or T command, but in the reverse direction.

2.2.8 Movement commands which move by words

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| count w      | Move forward "count" words                           |
| count e      | Move forward to the end of the current word          |
| count b      | Move back "count" words                              |
| count W      | Move forward "count" Words                           |
| count E      | Move end of Word                                     |
| count B      | Move back Word                                       |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

The lowercase commands define a word as either a sequence of alphanumeric characters, or a sequence of punctuation characters, but not a mixture of the two; these words can be bound by whitespace, the ends of the buffer, or by characters from the other class of lowercase word. (I.e, an alphanumeric word can be bound by punctuation characters, and a punctuation word can be bound by alphanumeric characters.) The underscore character is considered to be alphanumeric.

count w
count W

The w and W commands move the cursor forward to the start of the next word. If a count is given, the cursor will move forward count words.

count e
count E

The e and E commands move the cursor forward to the end of the current word, or if it is already at the end of the word then it'll move to the end of the following word. If a count is given, the cursor will move forward count word ends.

NOTE: These commands are often used as the targets of the operator commands, as in dw or de. When used this way, the difference between them is that dw includes any whitespace after the word, but de does not.

count b
count B

The b and B commands move the cursor backward to the start of the current word, or if it is already at the start of the word then it'll move to the start of the preceding word. If a count is given, the cursor will move backward count word starts.

2.2.9 Movement commands which move by sentences or sections

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| count (      | Move backward "count" sentences                      |
| count )      | Move forward "count" sentences                       |
| count {      | Move back "count" paragraphs                         |
| count }      | Move forward "count" paragraphs                      |
|       [ [    | Move back 1 section                                  |
|       ] ]    | Move forward 1 section                               |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

count (
count )

These commands move backward or forward to the start of a sentence. The start of a sentence is defined to be the first non-whitespace character in the file, or the first non-whitespace character after the end of a sentence.

The exact definition of the end of a sentence depends on the values of the sentenceend, sentencegap, and sentencequote options. The default values of those options define a sentence end to be a period, question mark, or exclamation mark, followed by either a newline character, or two or more space characters. Any number of double-quote characters or closing parentheses may appear between the punctuation and the whitespace.

count {
count }

These commands move backward or forward to the start of a paragraph. The start of a paragraph is defined to be the first blank line encountered after a non-blank line; or a line which contains a troff paragraph command listed in the paragraphs option's value; or the start of a section as described below.

[[
]]

These commands move backward or forward to the start of a section. The start of a section is defined to be '{' character in column 1 of a line; or a troff section command listed in the value of the sections option.

Note: There are also [key and ]key commands for recording keystrokes. Those commands are not related to the [[ and ]] movement commands.

2.2.10 Movement/mark commands

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|       m key  | Mark a line or character                             |
|       ' key  | Move to a marked line                                |
|       ` key  | Move to a marked character                           |
|       V      | Start marking lines for c d y < > or !               |
|       v      | Start marking characters for c d y < > or !          |
|       ^V     | Start marking a rectangle for c d y < > or !         |
|       g%     | If any text is selected, go to opposite end          |
|       g^V    | If a rectangle is selected, go to opposite edge      |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

m key

The mkey command stores the current cursor position in mark named key, where key is any letter. The mark is not visible.

' key
` key

These commands move the cursor back to a position which was stored via the mkey command. The `key (grave) command is a character-movement command which positions the cursor exactly on the marked character. The 'key (apostrophe) command is a line-movement command which positions the cursor at the front of the line containing the mark.

The distinction between character-movement and line-movement becomes more significant when you're using the movement command as the target of an operator command. For example, after an ma command and some cursor movement, the command d'a would delete whole lines, but the command d`a would delete only the text between the cursor and the "a" mark.

v
V
^V

These commands start visually selecting text for use by an operator command. The lowercase v command starts selecting characters, uppercase V starts selecting lines, and ^V starts selecting a rectangular area.

The vim clone of vi changes the meanings of some commands while text is selected. I didn't bother to do this with Elvis because the :map command can be used to achieve the same effect. Vim users may want to try the following maps:

	:map select r	g=
	:map select x	d
	:map select U	gU
	:map select u	gu
	:map select ~	g~
	:map select J	:j^V^M
	:map select ^]	y:ta ^V^P^V^M
	:map select R	S
	:map select o	g%
	:map select O	g^V^V

g%

If you've started marking text via the v, V, or ^V commands, then the g% command will move the cursor from one end of the selected text to the other. You can then adjust the other end, before applying an operator to the text.

g^V

If you've started marking a rectangular selection via the ^V command, then you can use g^V to jump to the opposite edge of the selection, in the same line. You can then adjust the opposite edge before applying an operator to the text.

2.2.11 Scrolling commands

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|       ^F     | Move toward the bottom of the file by 1 screen full  |
|       ^B     | Move toward the top of the file by 1 screen full     |
|       z key  | Scroll current line to window's +top -bottom .middle |
| count ^D     | Scroll forward "count" lines (default 1/2 screen)    |
| count ^E     | Scroll forward "count" lines (default 1 line)        |
| count ^U     | Scroll backward "count" lines (default 1/2 screen)   |
| count ^Y     | Scroll backward "count" lines (default 1 line)       |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

^F

This command moves forward one screen. Specifically, it locates the line at the bottom of the window and moves it to the top of the window. This means that for a 24-row window, ^F will generally move forward 22 lines. The cursor is moved if necessary to keep it on the screen.

^B

This command moves backward one screen, by moving the line at the top of the window to the bottom. It is the opposite of the ^F command.

z key

This command scrolls to bring the current line to either the top (for z+) middle (for z.) or bottom (for z-) of the window. You can also precede this command with a line number, in which case the cursor is moved to that line before the scrolling takes place; e.g., 98z+ will move the cursor to line 98 and then scroll as necessary to bring 98 to the top of the window.

Elvis also supports zH, zM, and zL as synonyms for those commands. These may be easier to remember, because they are somewhat analogous to the H, M, and L commands. In addition, zz is an easy-to-type synonym for scrolling a line to middle of the window.

count ^D
count ^E

These commands scroll the window forward by count lines. If no count is given, then ^E defaults to 1 line, and ^D defaults to the value of the scroll option. Supplying a count to the ^D option has the side-effect of setting the scroll option to count.

count ^U
count ^Y

These commands scroll the window backward by count lines. If no count is given, then ^Y defaults to 1 line, and ^U defaults to the value of the scroll option. Supplying a count to the ^U option has the side-effect of setting the scroll option to count.

2.2.12 Window commands

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|       ^W s   | Split current window                                 |
|       ^W ]   | Split window, then look up tag at cursor             |
|       ^W n   | Split window, and create a new buffer                |
|       ^W q   | Save buffer & close window, like ZZ                  |
|       ^W c   | Hide buffer & close window                           |
|       ^W o   | Close all windows except this one & hide their bufs  |
|       ^W d   | Toggle the display mode                              |
|       ^W S   | Toggle the sidescroll option                         |
|       ^W j   | Move down to next window                             |
|       ^W k   | Move up to previous window                           |
| count ^W ^W  | Toggle between the two most recently used windows    |
| count ^W w   | Move to next window, or to the "count" window        |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

^W s

This creates a new window, showing the same buffer as the current window. It is equivalent to the ex :split command with no arguments.

^W ]

This performs tag lookup on the word at the cursor, and then creates a new window to show the tag definition. It is similar to the ex :stag command.

^W n

This creates a new buffer, and then creates a new window to show that buffer. It is similar to the ex :snew command.

^W q

This saves the buffer if it has changed, and then closes the window. It is identical to the visual ZZ command, and similar to the ex :xit command.

^W c

This closes the window, but it neither saves nor discards the current buffer. The buffer continues to exist. This command is like the ex :close command.

^W o

This makes the current window be the only one, by closing all of the other windows. The edit buffers in those other windows are hidden. This is like running :close in all the other windows.

^W d

This toggles the windows display mode between two different modes. If the buffer's bufdisplay option is set to "html", "man", or "tex", then it will toggle between that mode and the syntax coloring mode. If bufdisplay is set to a syntax-coloring mode or "hex" then it toggles between that mode and "normal". If bufdisplay is "normal", then this command toggles between that mode and the "hex" mode.

^W S

This toggles the wrap option off or on, causing sideways scrolling to be alternately disabled and enabled.

^W j
^W k
^W ^W
count ^W w

These commands make other windows be current. This is the only possible way to switch windows for some user interfaces such as the termcap interface.

NOTE: In addition to the commands shown here, some user interfaces may support extensions to these commands. For example, the termcap interface uses ^W+ to increase the size of the current window, ^W- to reduce the size of the current window, and ^W\ to make the current window as large as possible. See the User Interfaces chapter.

2.2.13 Other commands

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|       " key  | Select which cut buffer to use next                  |
|       @ key  | Execute the contents of a cut-buffer as VI commands  |
|       [ key  | Start recording keystrokes into a cut-buffer         |
|       ] key  | Stop recording keystrokes into a cut-buffer          |
|       : text | Run single EX cmd                                    |
|       Q      | Quit to EX mode                                      |
|       K      | Run keywordprg on the word at the cursor             |
|       Z Z    | Save the file & exit                                 |
|       ^Z     | Either suspend Elvis, or fork a shell                |
|       ^G     | Show file status, and the current line #             |
|       ^L     | Redraw the screen                                    |
|       *      | Go to the next error in the errlist                  |
|       ^I     | (Tab) Go to next HTML link, or toggle folding        |
|       g^I    | (g-Tab) Go to previous HTML link                     |
|       ^T     | Return to source of previous :tag or ^] command.     |
|       ^]     | If the cursor is on a tag name, go to that tag       |
|       ^^     | Switch to the previous file, like ":e #"             |
| count # key  | Increment a number                                   |
| count &      | Repeat the previous ":s//" command here              |
| count gs     | Find next misspelled word, maybe after fixing current|
|       gS     | Move to end of spelling word                         |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^

" key

This command determines which cut buffer the next command will use. If the next command doesn't involve a cut buffer, then this command has no effect. If you don't use this command, then the following command will use the anonymous cut buffer.

@ key

The @ command executes the contents of a cut buffer as a series of vi command keystrokes. The key after the @ is the name of the cut buffer to be executed.

[ key
] key

These commands are used for recording keystrokes into a cut-buffer. The key is the name of the cut buffer; it must be a letter. Later, you can replay the keystrokes via the @key command.

Note: There are also [[ and ]] commands for moving the cursor to the start of a section. Those movement commands are unrelated to these [key and ]key keystroke recording commands.

:
Q

This : command allows you to enter a single ex command, and then immediately return to visual command. The Q command is similar, except that it causes you to remain in ex mode until you give the ex :vi command.

K

This command executes the program named in the keywordprg option, passing it the word at the cursor. This is intended to provide an easy way to run on-line manuals and the like.

ZZ

The ZZ command writes the current file if it has changed, and then exits. It is equivalent to the ex :xit command.

^Z

This command will either suspend Elvis, or fork a shell program. Either way, you'll get a shell prompt. ^Z is equivalent to the :stop ex command.

^G

The ^G command displays the status of the current file. It is equivalent to the ex :file command with no arguments.

^L

The ^L command causes the current window to be redrawn from scratch. This is handy when another program or line noise changes the screen in a way that Elvis can't detect & correct automatically.

*

The * command moves the cursor to the next error reported by the compiler. It is equivalent to the ex :errlist command.

^I

The ^I command (the Tab key) moves the cursor forward to the next hypertext link, if you're in the "html" display mode. In the "normal" and "syntax" display modes, it will unfold or refold text, like the :unfold and :fold commands.

g^I

The g^I command (a g key followed by a Tab key) moves the cursor backward to the previous hypertext link, if you're in the "html" display mode.

Note: Most user interfaces try to map <Shift-Tab> to this command. This is difficult for the termcap interface because not all terminals support it. Even if the terminal supports it, the termcap/terminfo database might not describe it correctly.

^]
^T

The ^] command performs tag lookup on the word at the cursor position, and moves the cursor to the file/line where the tag is defined. It resembles the ex :tag command. The ^T command returns the cursor to the previous position, like :pop.

^^

After you've switched edit buffers in a window, the ^^ (Control-Caret) command switches back to the previous buffer, and moves the cursor to its previous position within that buffer. It is like the ex :e# command.

count # key

This command allows you add or subtract count to the number at the cursor. If the cursor isn't on a word that looks like a number, then the command fails. If no count is given, then 1 is assumed. If the key is "-" then count is subtracted from the number. If the key is "+" or "#" then count is added to the number. If the key is "=" then the word is changed to count. Any other key causes the command to fail.

count &

Repeat the previous :s/re/new/ command on the current line. If count is given, then also apply it to each of the count-1 following lines as well.

count gs

Search forward for the next misspelled word.

If given a count, then before moving, try to replace the current misspelled word with the count'th suggested spelling. This only works if the show option contains a "spell" keyword, and the cursor is on a misspelled word with good suggestions. For more information about the spell checker, see the spelling section in the "Tips" chapter.

gS

Move to the end of the current misspelled word. This is handy because you can use cgStext<Esc> to correct a misspelled word. The difference between gS and e is that gS uses the spell checker's definition of a "word", which allows apostrophes between letters.

2.3 Visual Commands, sorted by their ASCII code

.--------------.------------------------------------------------------.
|    COMMAND   | DESCRIPTION                                          |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|
|       NUL    | (undefined)                                          |
|       ^A     | Search for next occurrence of word at cursor         |
|       ^B     | Move toward the top of the file by 1 screen full     |
|       ^C     | (undefined; may abort a time-consuming command)      |
| count ^D     | Scroll forward "count" lines (default 1/2 screen)    |
| count ^E     | Scroll forward "count" lines (default 1 line)        |
|       ^F     | Move toward the bottom of the file by 1 screen full  |
|       ^G     | Show file status, and the current line #             |
| count ^H     | Move left                                            |
|       ^I     | (Tab) Go to next HTML link, or toggle folding        |
| count ^J     | Move down                                            |
|       ^K     | (undefined)                                          |
|       ^L     | Redraw the screen                                    |
| count ^M     | Move to the front of the next line                   |
| count ^N     | Move down                                            |
|       ^O     | ignored, to simplify implementation of "visual" map  |
| count ^P     | Move up                                              |
|       ^Q     | (undefined; may resume stopped output)               |
| count ^R     | Redo commands which were undone by the u command     |
|       ^S     | (undefined; may stop output)                         |
|       ^T     | Return to source of previous :tag or ^] command.     |
| count ^U     | Scroll backward "count" lines (default 1/2 screen)   |
|       ^V     | Start marking a rectangle for c d y < > or !         |
| count ^W ^W  | Move to next window, or to the "count" window        |
|       ^W S   | Toggle the sidescroll option                         |
|       ^W ]   | Split window, then look up tag at cursor             |
|       ^W c   | Hide buffer & close window                           |
|       ^W d   | Toggle the display mode                              |
|       ^W j   | Move down to next window                             |
|       ^W k   | Move up to previous window                           |
|       ^W n   | Split window, and create a new buffer                |
|       ^W q   | Save buffer & close window, like ZZ                  |
|       ^W s   | Split current window                                 |
| count ^X     | Move to column "count" (defaulting to the right edge)|
| count ^Y     | Scroll backward "count" lines (default 1 line)       |
|       ^Z     | Either suspend Elvis, or fork a shell                |
|       ^[     | (Escape) Cancels a partially-entered command         |
|       ^\     | (undefined; may cause core dump)                     |
|       ^]     | If the cursor is on a tag name, go to that tag       |
|       ^^     | Switch to the previous file, like ":e #"             |
|       ^_     | (undefined)                                          |
| count Space  | Move right                                           |
|       ! mv   | Run selected lines thru an external filter program   |
|       " key  | Select which cut buffer to use next                  |
| count # key  | Increment a number                                   |
|       $      | Move to the rear of the current line                 |
| count %      | Move to matching (){}[] or to a given % of file      |
| count &      | Repeat the previous ":s//" command here              |
|       ' key  | Move to a marked line                                |
| count (      | Move backward "count" sentences                      |
| count )      | Move forward "count" sentences                       |
|       *      | Go to the next error in the errlist                  |
| count +      | Move to the front of the next line                   |
| count ,      | Repeat the previous [fFtT] but in the other direction|
| count -      | Move to the front of the preceding line              |
| count .      | Repeat the previous "edit" command                   |
|       / text | Search forward for a given regular expression        |
|       0      | If not part of count, move to 1st char of this line  |
|       1      | Part of a count argument                             |
|       2      | Part of a count argument                             |
|       3      | Part of a count argument                             |
|       4      | Part of a count argument                             |
|       5      | Part of a count argument                             |
|       6      | Part of a count argument                             |
|       7      | Part of a count argument                             |
|       8      | Part of a count argument                             |
|       9      | Part of a count argument                             |
|       : text | Run single EX cmd                                    |
| count ;      | Repeat the previous [fFtT] cmd                       |
|       < mv   | Shift text left                                      |
|       = mv   | Reformat                                             |
|       > mv   | Shift text right                                     |
|       ? text | Search backward for a given regular expression       |
|       @ key  | Execute the contents of a cut-buffer as VI commands  |
| count A inp  | Append at end of the line                            |
| count B      | Move back Word                                       |
|       C inp  | Change text from the cursor to the end of the line   |
|       D      | Delete text from the cursor to the end of the line   |
| count E      | Move end of Word                                     |
| count F key  | Move leftward to a given character                   |
| count G      | Move to line #"count" (default is the bottom line)   |
| count H      | Move to home row (the line at the top of the screen) |
| count I inp  | Insert at the front of the line (after indents)      |
| count J      | Join lines, to form one big line                     |
|       K      | Run keywordprg on the word at the cursor             |
| count L      | Move to last row (i.e., line at bottom of window)    |
|       M      | Move to middle row                                   |
|       N      | Repeat previous search, but in the opposite direction|
| count O inp  | Open up a new line above the current line            |
|       P      | Paste text before the cursor                         |
|       Q      | Quit to EX mode                                      |
|       R inp  | Overtype                                             |
| count S inp  | Change lines, like "count" cc                        |
| count T key  | Move leftward *almost* to a given character          |
|       U      | Undo all recent changes to the current line          |
|       V      | Start marking lines for c d y < > or !               |
| count W      | Move forward "count" Words                           |
| count X      | Delete the character(s) to the left of the cursor    |
| count Y      | Yank text line(s) (copy them into a cut buffer)      |
|       Z Z    | Save the file & exit                                 |
|       [ [    | Move back 1 section                                  |
|       [ key  | Start recording keystrokes into a cut-buffer         |
|       \      | (undefined)                                          |
|       ] ]    | Move forward 1 section                               |
|       ] key  | Stop recording keystrokes into a cut-buffer          |
|       ^      | Move to the front of the current line (after indent) |
| count _      | (the underscore character) Move to the current line  |
|       ` key  | Move to a marked character                           |
| count a inp  | Insert text after the cursor                         |
| count b      | Move back "count" words                              |
|       c mv   | Change text                                          |
|       d mv   | Delete text                                          |
| count e      | Move forward to the end of the current word          |
| count f key  | Move rightward to a given character                  |
|       g      | (undefined)                                          |
|       g^I    | (g-Tab) Go to previous HTML link                     |
|       g^V    | If a rectangle is selected, go to opposite edge      |
|       g$     | Move to end of current row                           |
|       g%     | If any text is selected, go to opposite end          |
|       g0     | Move to start of current row, before indent          |
|    g= key mv | Convert text to an equal number of key characters    |
|       gD     | Go to global definition of word at cursor            |
| count gI inp | Input at start of line, before indent                |
| count gJ     | Join lines without adding whitespace                 |
|       gS     | Move to end of spelling word                         |
|       gU mv  | Convert text to uppercase                            |
|       g^     | Move to start of current row, after indent           |
|       gd     | Go to local definition of word at cursor             |
| count gh     | Move left, skipping invisible characters             |
| count gj     | Move down 1 row (useful when lines wrap)             |
| count gk     | Move up 1 row (useful when lines wrap)               |
| count gl     | Move right, skipping invisible characters            |
| count gs     | Find next misspelled word, maybe after fixing current|
|       gu mv  | Convert text to lowercase                            |
|       g~ mv  | Toggle text between uppercase & lowercase            |
| count h      | Move left                                            |
| count i inp  | Insert text at the cursor                            |
| count j      | Move down                                            |
| count k      | Move up                                              |
| count l      | Move right                                           |
|       m key  | Mark a line or character                             |
|       n      | Repeat the previous search                           |
| count o inp  | Open a new line below the current line               |
|       p      | Paste text after the cursor                          |
|       q      | (undefined)                                          |
| count r key  | Replace "count" chars by a given character           |
| count s inp  | Replace characters, like "count" cl                  |
| count t key  | Move rightward *almost* to a given character         |
| count u      | Undo the previous edit command                       |
|       v      | Start marking characters for c d y < > or !          |
| count w      | Move forward "count" words                           |
| count x      | Delete the character that the cursor's on            |
|       y mv   | Yank text (copy it into a cut buffer)                |
|       z key  | Scroll current line to window's +top -bottom .middle |
| count {      | Move back "count" paragraphs                         |
| count |      | Move to column "count" (defaulting to column 1)      |
| count }      | Move forward "count" paragraphs                      |
| count ~      | Switch a character between uppercase & lowercase     |
|       DEL    | (undefined)                                          |
^--------------^------------------------------------------------------^